Is Criminal Behaviour Inherited or Learned - 1429 Words

Criminologists and sociologist have long been in debate for centurys to explain criminal behaviour. The two main paradigms of thought are between nature and nurture. Nature is in reference to a learnt behaviour where a multitude of characteristics, in society influence whether a person becomes deviant such as poverty, physical abuse or neglect. Nurture defines biological features which could inevitability lead to a individuals deviant or criminal behaviour, because criminality is believed by biological positivist to be inherited from a persons parents. However, I believe that criminal behaviour is a mixture of characteristics that lead to deviant acts such as psychological illness Environmental factors. Therefore, this essay†¦show more content†¦20). This illustrates that not only is persons genetics contributing to criminal behaviour but also the environment in which the they are socialised can initiate deviancy. In Comparison one other biological idea that has been used by criminologist to prove that criminality is inherited rather than learnt is the human genetic code. The human DNA is made up of 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs, men have XY ad women XX (Newburn, 2013). It is widely believed that chromosomes can sometimes have a negative affect on people with anomalies within their genetics, men with a extra Y chromosome are believed to have the tendency to become involved in criminal activity. For example, Price et al (1966) research on male offenders on individuals with anomalies in their DNA found that they were â€Å"responsible for some serious, crimes a picture developed of hyper masculine offender . . . . who was especially aggressive and some what lacking in intelligence† (Newburn, 2013: 137). However, Hirschi and Gotfredson found the research on genetic anomalies to be ineffective in explaining all the reasons why some people commit crime due to the fact that the extra chromoso me is not found in everyone who commits a crime therefore this theory fails to prove that people are born with criminal characteristics. On the other hand, theorists have taken a different stand point to explain criminal and delinquent behaviour. Firstly, Edwin Sunderlands (1939) theory of differentialShow MoreRelatedWhat Determines Criminal Behavior?1387 Words   |  6 PagesWhat determines criminal behavior? Are they born to be a natural born killer, is it in their genes, or is it a learned behavior? There are multiple factors resulting in criminal behavior, from genes to environmental factors. Although it is said and believed that criminal behavior is biologically determined there are even more learned or environmental factors that play a role in criminal behavior. There are four top social risk factors believed for the involvement of crime. Parental behavior playsRead MoreDifferential Association Theory Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesthat are related to the individual s criminal behaviour and the crime they commit. There are a wide range of theories which can be used to explain the causes of crime and deviant behaviour from youths. The first theory is the differential association theory by Edwin Sutherland (1947). He developed the differential association theory in order to explain how youths engage in acts of criminal behaviour. This theory defines criminal behaviour as learnt behaviour which is acquired through social contactRead MoreThe Causes Of Deviant Behavior, Psychological Approach And Sociological Approach1676 Words   |  7 PagesDeviance is a kind of behaviour which is contrary to the dominant norms and values of society. In reality, there are many different theories to explain the causes of deviant behaviour, including biological approach, psychological approach and sociological approach. This essay will be using two criminological perspectives which are the biological and sociological explanations to analyse the causes of crime in depth, and evaluate the two perspectives and the related criminological evidence. SociologyRead More Ted Bundy: The Mind of a Killer Essay2063 Words   |  9 Pages Ted Bundy was an American born rapist, a necrophile; a serial killer and a kidnapper who assaulted and murdered several young women during the 1970’s. The criminal kept on denying the charges for more than ten years and later confessed of having committed the thirty homicide crimes in seven different states before his execution (Rule, 2009). Bundy’s handsome and charismatic appearance made it possible for him to easily win the confidence of young women who were always his targets. HeRead MoreFactors That Affect An Individual1467 Words   |  6 Pagesas how to act, speak and react are learned. Many different factors play a role in how an individual is shaped. These factors can be either positive or negative. However, these negative factors can shape an individual to becoming a criminal. So how is it determined whether one is born a criminal or is forced to become a criminal d ue to other factors. A criminal can be defined as an individual who has committed a crime. Although many people are not born as a criminal but then why do many live in similarRead MoreThe Role Of Labelling Theory And Differential Association Theory1985 Words   |  8 Pagesof labelling theory is that no act is inherently deviant; it is only when the act is labelled deviant that it becomes so. When someone is labelled as deviant, they begin to see themselves as the label they have been assigned. This can cause the behaviour to happen more frequently, as the individual who has been labelled begins to see themselves as they label they have been given. A criticism of labelling theory is that it lacks empirical validity, and is deterministic. There is no way to effectivelyRead MoreApplying Albert Banduras Bobo Doll Theory to Any Criminal Behavior1684 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay I will demonstrate how Albert Banduras Bobo doll theory can be applied to criminal behaviour in todayà ¢â‚¬â„¢s society and how his method has some flaws to the structure when applying it in to today’s societal issues which will be going under critique. The criminological theory that this applies to is the social learning theory implying that people will imitate or copy what other people do this especially applies to children as they seek approval from their parents and others. I will explainRead MoreNature VS Nurture – Are Criminals Born or Made? Essay2735 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿ Your essay title: Nature VS Nurture – Are Criminals Born or Made? Declaration of original work: By submitting this work, I am declaring that I am the originator of this work and that all other original sources used in this work have been appropriately acknowledged. I understand that plagiarism is the act of taking and using the whole or any part of another person’s work and presenting it as my own without proper acknowledgement. I also understand that plagiarism is anRead MoreMoral Development And The Social Learning Theory Essay1466 Words   |  6 Pagesgood from bad behaviour. Albert Bandura believed in the social learning theory and that morality is developed by the individual through observation and imitation. The social learning theory is the perspective that suggests people learn within a social context. The concept is that when there is a stimulus there is a response in accordance to the stimuli. (Bandura, 1965) This is Referred to as â€Å"monkey see, monkey do.† Bandura’s work is based on the concept all behaviour is learned and so the factorsRead MorePsychological Theory Of Crime Is The Psychoanalytical Theory1988 Words   |  8 Pagesemotions are what shapes individual behaviour and are thus the cause of offending behaviours. Freud proposes that the mind is made up of 3 components: the Id, the ego and the superego. The Id is a part of the unconscious mind that we are born with; it is dominated by aggressive drives that are monitored by the ego. The superego, unlike the Id, develops as a result of early social experiences and is the ‘moral guardian’ of an individual. Due to this, criminal behaviour can be seen to be an expression

Essay on Society vs. Inhibition - 1235 Words

Rules of society have influenced behaviors of people for centuries. But what happens when an individual does not agree with the rules of society? What happens when it is more important to a person to have freedom and independence than it is to live up to society’s expectations? Several pieces of literature by Kate Chopin address these questions; specifically, the short stories â€Å"A Pair of Silk Stockings† and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† give some feedback on the issues of society versus one’s free will and the consequences of one’s opinions conflicting with the expectations of society. Chopin uses many pressing issues of her era to display how people are punished for rejecting the limiting norms of society in her writings. â€Å"A Pair of Silk†¦show more content†¦Mallard was in the living room with her sister and her late husband’s friend: â€Å"It was not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of intell igent thought.† Typically, a woman who has just lost her husband would be overwhelmed with memories, thoughts of funeral arrangements, thoughts about a lonely future without the man she loved; however, Mrs. Mallard’s mind was completely blank. She did not see the tragedy in the death of her husband. Mrs. Mallard’s thoughts and feelings were going against the rules of society. Mrs. Mallard fought the typical norms of society in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin. She sought freedom and independence when, according to society, she should be too grief-stricken to seek much of anything other than condolence. She looked forward to living life without the restrains her husband had come with: â€Å"She said it over and over under her breath: ‘free, free, free!’† Mrs. Mallard felt relief rather than grief upon learning of her husband’s death. She looked forward to living for herself rather than her husband, putting her needs before someone else’s, living for herself rather that living for another person, which very obviously, would be seen as wrong by the masses. Mrs. Mallard was genuinely happy with her husband’s death: â€Å"The vacant stare and the look of terror that had followed it went from her eyes. They stayed keen and bright.† The pressure was off her to feel sad about her husband’s death; sheShow MoreRelatedGenetically Modified Food892 Words   |  4 Pagesnutritional value and are seen as a disregard for the human organism. European culture stems from thousands of generations of growing and preparing foods by hand, without the use of industrial techniques. Science isn’t always seen as a good thing for a society. People in Europe aren’t as obedient as in other countries and aren’t as reliable on the government to tell them what to do. They ask questions and although companies may show proof that a certain food, even slightly genetically mod ified doesn’t affectRead MoreThe Dice Man1049 Words   |  5 Pageschance decide. Rhinehart (the author) often repeats this point, with the die a person is truly humble because there is no self making the decisions. A few themes arise throughout the novel, chance and choice, man vs. the machine/society, religion, the human mind, ego, addiction vs. devotion and sexual desire. Sex as a theme is often addressed as it always seems to take a place on the face of Rhinehart’s die. Sexual desire, in the world Rhinehart seeks to detach himself from, is squashed and stuntedRead MoreThe Dice Man by Luke Rhinehart Essay1041 Words   |  5 Pageschance decide. Rhinehart (the author) often repeats this point, with the die a person is truly humble because there is no self making the decisions. A few themes arise throughout the novel, chance and choice, man vs. the machine/society, religion, the human mind, ego, addiction vs. devotion and sexual desire. Sex as a theme is often addressed as it always seems to take a place on the face of Rhinehart’s die. Sexual desire, in the world Rhinehart seeks to detach himself from, is squashed and stuntedRead MoreThe Debate Of Rehabilitation Vs. Reparation948 Words   |  4 Pagescommon dilemma in the United States prison system is the debate of rehabilitation vs. reparation. Reparation involves strictly punishing the prisoner for their crime. On the other hand, rehabilitation aims to â€Å"fix† the prisoner for a potential eventual return to society. Ethically, reform makes more sense than reparation, as it aims to make the prisoner more useful to society, while increasing the overall safety of the society. A strong rehabilitation program would additionally cut down the number of repeatRead More A Comparison of The Grape s of Wrath and Anthem Essay example914 Words   |  4 PagesComparing The Grapes of Wrath and Anthem      Ã‚  Ã‚   Two great intellectuals of the early twentieth century wrote works of fiction that have become classics; they espoused polar-opposite views, however, of how society best functions. Their battle between communalism, as pictured in John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath, and individualism, as portrayed in Ayn Rands Anthem, was played out in their novels, and still continues to this day. Based on Ayn Rands book Anthem, Rand would definitelyRead MoreThe Role Of Rudeness Plays On Power Acquisition Differs Through Individualistic And Collectivist Cultures Essay1563 Words   |  7 Pages2003). According to the approach/inhibition theory, high power individuals encounter fewer social constraints and more resources which activates their behavioral approach system and disinhibition(Keltner et al., 2003). Meaning, the more power an individual obtains, the more freedom they have to act according to their own volition. On the other hand, low power individuals experience more social constraints, threats punishments which activates their behavioral inhibition system, which restricts theirRead MoreDeliver Us from Evil: an Interpretation of American Prohibition932 Words   |  4 Pagesvery well researched and a thorough bibliography is included. An interesting aspect that is brought to light is the rural vs. urban issue of 18th and 19th century America. The first milestone that eventually led to the dry decade was the closing of saloons. Clark describes the saloon as â€Å"†¦a place where a man could unburden himself of, caste and status and social inhibition and breathe for a moment without anxiety, humiliation, or shame.† Clark brings to the table the fallout of urban citiesRead MoreThe s Dimensions ( Ind Vs Coll1340 Words   |  6 Pages Hostede’s dimensions (ind vs coll; pdi; lto) The marketplace is becoming gradually more connected and globalized, resulting in an even greater impact of cultural differences on consumers’ behaviour (Maheswaran Shavitt, 2000). An analysis of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions can provide significant insights into the reasons why distinctive behavioural patterns develop across different cultures. In particular, numerous studies have found a relation between Hofstedes’ dimensions of individualismRead MoreReflection Paper: Girl, Interrupted1091 Words   |  5 Pagescertain individual is said to be suffering a problem (in this case, mental or social), it implies that there is some sort of deviation or inhibition of a societal â€Å"correctness†. The only way to determine this correctness is by comparing the so-called problem with social norms, defined by the majority of the social group to which this individual belongs. Society is not constant. There is no universal set of social rules that exists independently in all people, so people must make generalizations ofRead MoreReflection Paper: Girl, Interrupted1076 Words   |  5 Pagescertain individual is said to be suffering a problem (in t his case, mental or social), it implies that there is some sort of deviation or inhibition of a societal â€Å"correctness†. The only way to determine this correctness is by comparing the so-called problem with social norms, defined by the majority of the social group to which this individual belongs. Society is not constant. There is no universal set of social rules that exists independently in all people, so people must make generalizations of

Impact of Culture on Entrepreneurship - 2517 Words

Information Management and Business Review Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 30-34, Jan 2012 (ISSN 2220-3796) Impact of Culture on Entrepreneur Intention Syed Imran Sajjad1, *Haroon Shafi1, Aasim Munir Dad2 1Iqra university Islamabad campus 2University of Science and Technology (MUST) Mirpur Azad Kashmir, Pakistan *haroonshafi4@gmail.com Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to identify the role of entrepreneurship in Pakistan. After reviewing the literature, researchers identify those predictors who influence the entrepreneur’s intention with the help of socio cognitive model. National culture of a country influences the entrepreneur’s intention to start new business. Perceived feasibility, perceived desirability and entrepreneurs experience†¦show more content†¦Some researchers including (Bird, 1988) identified entrepreneur individual nature, skill, experience the same as social desirability and personal feasibility. Different Researchers recommended including (Shane, 2003), that: the existence of an entrepreneurial possibility; its identification by the entrepreneur; and the conscious decision of the en trepreneur to be aware of that chance, are between the mandatory steps required in the entrepreneurial process. Cristina and Dwayne (2009) saw the effect of entrepreneur intention in Caribbean and the found out the link among entrepreneur intention, desirability, and feasibility and suggested that culture acted as moderator to influence the entrepreneur’s intention. After reviewing literature it has been seen that there is linked between desirability perception and entrepreneur intention to begin a new venture, Krueger (1993) practiced Shapiro’s theoretical model and suggested that there is a positive impact of perceived desirability on entrepreneur intention (Krueger et al., 2000). 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There are studies that think of international entrepreneurship as more of a common marvel than young ventures entering international markets and slight interest is dedicated to the entrepreneurial behavior of organizations once they first enter into international markets. There is an inequality among the international business field and the entrepreneurship field, because of findings that exploit a theoretic outline, many use an outlineRead MoreEssay On Social Entrepreneurship Among Dalits And Tribes Of India1424 Words   |  6 PagesSOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG DALITS AND TRIBES OF INDIA: CHALLENGES AND ACHIEVEMENTS RAJESH KUMAR. MD RESEARCH SCHOLAR, DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK, OSMANIA UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD, TELANGANA STATE, INDIA . MAIL ID: mdrajeshk@gmail.com MOBILE. NO: +91 9154324766. Abstract Social entrepreneurship promotes the most innovative solutions to the most pressing social problems of a society. The mission behind origin of social enterprises is to bring social change. 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Recruitment and selection process of Woolworths Organization

Question: What are the internal and external factors that will be influencing or having an impact on the recruitment and selection procedure of Woolworths? Answer: Executive Summary This report will be dealing with the internal and external factors that will be influencing or having impact on the recruitment and selection procedure of Woolworths. It is seen that the company in order to expand its business as well as for launching new products, recruitment and selection method is followed. The company follows a good procedure and fair recruitment process for the new candidates. Getting Tired of Never-Ending Assignments? Hire an Expert from MyAssignmenthelp and Get the Necessary Assignment Help at a Reasonable Rate. Introduction The recruitment and selection process of an organization is one of the most essential tasks of the Human Resource Department. This is because; the HR department is solely responsible for putting the right candidates into the right positions regarding the requirement and necessity of the organization (Clark, 2010). For a successful recruitment and selection process, the HR department of the organization will be keeping in mind both the internal and external factors. These factors have a great impact on the company and influence the functioning of the company to a great extent. This assignment will be dealing with the recruitment and selection procedure that Woolworths follow along with the internal factors that have an impact on it. Moreover, the external recruitment factors such as social, legal, political and economic factors that have an impact on the selection and recruitment procedures will be discussed vividly. Background of the company Woolworths is one of the largest supermarkets of Australia having its headquartering in Bella Vista, Australia. The recruitment and selection process of Woolworths is very fair and the process is solely dependent on the merit, experience and professionalism of the candidates. The company treats all its employees and workers equally and has respect for each of the work delivered by them. The companys HR department is fully abided by the rules and regulations of the company and follows the Anti-Discrimination law and Equal Employment Opportunity Legislation in the selection and recruitment process. Moreover, according to the Privacy Act, the personal documents that are given by the candidates in this process are also well maintained by the HR department (Woolworthslimited.com.au, 2015). Requirement for Recruitment and Selection Process in Woolworths According to Jack Chen (2011) each and every organization needs a strong recruitment and selection process for recruiting the most deserving candidates for the prestigious positions of the company. In Woolworths the recruitment and selection procedure of the candidates are done on the basis of available jobs or positions within the organization, by examining the availability of candidates for the corresponding position and on the basis of merit and expertise of the candidates. Dessler Teiche et al. (2004) had an opinion that the HR department is responsible for conducting the recruitment and selection process in order to maintain the regularity in the staff positions and for getting best services from them. In order to conduct a successful recruitment and selection process, both internal and external recruitments are conducted that saves the time of the organization and also allows fresh ideas to come inside the organization. In addition to this, the recruitment policy is also essen tial within the organization in order to fill up the human resource gaps within the organization and for better productivity as well as smooth flow of work. Internal Factors affecting recruitment and selection Process in Woolworths In Woolworths, the HR department is efficient and effective enough in conducting recruitment and selection process of the candidates. The internal factors that influences and have impact on the organizations recruitment and selection procedures are explained below- Recruitments policy- Arlot and Celisse (2010) commented on the fact that the recruitment policy within the organization identifies the objectives of Woolworths, the objectives of the organization, policies and preferred sources of recruitment. These factors help in understanding the requirement of the recruitment and influence the recruitment policy of the company. Initially, the recruitment policy provides framework for the accomplishment of recruitment curriculum. According to Nkhungulu Mulenga and Van Lill (2007) the Woolworths has implemented the recruitment programs for the successful filling up of the vacancies with the best candidates. Woolworths is fair in this process and is bounded by the recruitment policies and rules so as to attract the candidates to attain the recruitment sessions. Size of the firm- Wheatley (2010) commented on the fact that the size of the firm affects the recruitment and selection procedures of the company. If the company is planning to increase its product line or expand its operations, then the organization will be recruiting more people for more production and services. According to Van den Brink et al. (2006) Woolworths has a good recruitment and selection procedure when it comes across expanding its business and introducing new products into the market. The organization is bounded by the rules and regulations of the recruitment and selection procedure so the company is successful in retaining as well as sustaining the customers. Though the size of Woolworths is huge, still it works hard for expanding its business and products for occupying a prestigious position globally. Cost- According to Zhao and Liden (2011) cost is an essential part of the organization that affects the recruitment and selection procedure of the company. The selection and recruitment process is a cost effective process, so before undergoing the process, the organization initially understands the cost of the process as well as need of the process. Woolworths is a big organization and there is a requirement of recruitment of new employees for the vacant position as well as when the organization is expanding itself. Growth and expansion- Ofori and Aryeetey (2011) commented on the fact that the organization is focused on recruitment and selecting new candidates when it is planning for growth and expansion of the organization. The organization in order to have fresh ideas from outside and for having more experienced people, recruitment process is essential. It is to be noted that Woolworths being a huge supermarket in Australia is expanding itself more and occupying a higher position in the world. As a result, there is necessity of new and fresh ideas, which is resulting in recruitment and selection process of the organization. According to Field and Siavelis (2011) the organization has a very strong recruitment process since the organization recruits the best people with merit, experience and energy in the organization. Human Resource Planning- The human resource planning is essential in the organization since it helps the HR department to understand the gaps present in the human power within the organization. According to Cerrito and McLean (2010) the number of employees is Woolworths is rising in a considerable amount since the company is expanding itself as well as launching new products. Being a HR consultant, one can easily understand the requirement of the recruitment policies that will be helping the company in understanding the gaps and filling it correspondingly within the organization. External Factors affecting the Recruitment and Selection Process in Woolworths Woolworths is highly focused in maintaining the external factors that have an impact on the recruitment and selection procedures of the company. For a fair recruitment procedure as well as for the satisfaction of the employees and for retaining them, the below mentioned factors are well explained- Social Factors- Cordner and Cordner (2011) commented on the fact that the social factors have a strong impact in the recruitment and selection procedure in Woolworths. This is because, Woolworths being a prestigious company in Australia need to recruit and select the best candidates for the organization. It is to be remembered that the culture of the company is dependent on the recruitment of the employees and retaining the same. According to Edenborough (2005) the culture need to be co-operating and friendly for retaining the employees within the organization. The recruitment procedures need to be fair enough and based on the merit and expertise of the employees and the vacancies within the organization. This fair procedure of recruitment and selection will ultimately satisfy the new candidates and they will tend to retain in the company. Legal Factors- According to Van den Brink et al. (2006) the HR department needs to be abided by the rules, laws and regulations of the company as well as with that of the Governments. The international laws of employment, labor laws etc. need to be maintained within the organization for the better performance and to stay legally safe. Wheatley (2010) had a view regarding the legal factors of the Woolworths is that the organization maintains the privacy of the employees by safeguarding and securing the essential documents within the organization. Moreover, the other legal factors such as Discrimination in employment and Discrimination in wages need to be avoided. Preferably the candidates should be given salary and wages as per the standard rules of the industry. Political Factors- Jack Chen (2011) commented on the fact that the political factors of the organization are also important to be considered within the organization for a fair recruitment and selection method. The political factors need to be abided by the laws and regulations of the place or country where it is doing the business. For Woolworths, the political laws, rules and regulations of Australia need to be focused and abided by it. According to Yan et al. (2010) the HR department of Woolworths is efficient in maintaining the labor laws, the employment laws and is also concerned with the national security of the country. Economic Factors- The economic factor is equally important for the HR department of Woolworths to be concerned with. It plays an important role in the organization and affects the recruitments and selection procedure of the company. Edenborough (2005) commented on the fact that the economic factors include the economic situation of the company as well as economic condition of the country. The recruitment and selection procedure of Woolworths is required to be considered when the company wants to expand its business or wants to launch new products. Recruitment and Selection Portfolio Figure 1: Recruitment and Selection of Woolworths (Source: Yan et al.2010, pp.430) Recommendations The organization in order to get the best quality human resources performs the recruitment and selection procedures. Woolworths is no exception to it. The organization need to focus more on the cost on the incentives and appraisals of the existing employees. Moreover, the company also needs to focus and strengthen the policies of the HR department, so there will be a fair process of recruitment and selection. This is to be remembered that a fair recruitment policy helps in attracting more employees which not only increases the manpower but also fills up the gaps within the organization. It increases the productivity as well as also increases the employee retention. Conclusion This report has explained the impact of both internal and external factors on Woolworths in the recruitment process. The internal factors include the size of the firm, recruitment policy, human resource planning, cost and growth and expansion. These factors have a great impact and influence the recruitment and selection procedures of the employees that help in rapid and successful expansion of the organization. In addition to this, the external factors such as economic, legal, social and political are also essential to focus on since it has an impact on the organizational recruitment policies. Reference List Books Dessler Teicher., Dessler, G. and Teicher, J. (2004)Recruitment selection, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Education Australia Edenborough, R. (2005)Assessment methods in recruitment, selection, and performance, London: Kogan Page Journals Arlot, S. and Celisse, A. (2010) A survey of cross-validation procedures for model selection,Statist. Surv., 4(0), pp.40-79 Cerrito, J. and McLean, G. (2010) Developing content-valid selection procedures: What every HPT and HRD professional should know,Perf. Improv., 49(2), pp.29-35 Clark, M. (2010) Experiencing recruitment and selection,British Journal of Guidance Counseling, 38(1), pp.137-139 Cordner, G. and Cordner, A. (2011) Stuck on a Plateau?: Obstacles to Recruitment, Selection, and Retention of Women Police,Police Quarterly, 14(3), pp.207-226 Field, B. and Siavelis, P. (2011) Endogenizing legislative candidate selection procedures in nascent democracies: evidence from Spain and Chile,Democratization, 18(3), pp.797-822 Jack Chen, E. (2011) A revisit of two-stage selection procedures,European Journal of Operational Research, 210(2), pp.281-286 Nkhungulu Mulenga, C. and Van Lill, B. (2007) Recruitment and Selection of Foreign Professionals In the South African Job Market: Procedures and Processes,SA j. hum. resour. manag., 5(3), pp. 78-96 Ofori, D. and Aryeetey, M. (2011) Recruitment and Selection Practices in Small and Medium Enterprises: Perspectives from Ghana,IJBA, 2(3), pp. 46-87 Van den Brink, M., Brouns, M. and Waslander, S. (2006) Does excellence have a gender?,Employee Relations, 28(6), pp.523-539 Wheatley, S. (2010) Making the Right Investment Recruitment and Selection,Legal Information Management, 10(04), pp.279-282 Yan, J., Wu, Y. and Zhang, W. (2010) Biodata as A Personnel Recruitment Selection Approach in China:Assessment and Its Validity,Acta Psychologica Sinica, 42(3), pp.423-433 Zhao, H. and Liden, R. (2011) Internship: A recruitment and selection perspective, Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(1), pp.221-229 Websites Woolworthslimited.com.au, (2015)Quality Brands and Trusted Retailing - Woolworths Limited, Available at: https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au/ [Accessed 2 Feb. 2015]